James M. Redwine

Chief Black Kettle

Monkey Traps

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When a country embarks on a military peccadillo it is prudent to have planned for an offramp, as what appeared to be a walk in the park may turn out to be a Monkey Trap. Monkeys sometimes are captured by placing food in a jar that has an opening large enough to allow a monkey’s open paw to go in, but small enough that the inserted paw, when clinching food in a fist, cannot be withdrawn. Then the monkey sometimes stubbornly refuses to let go of the food and can be easily captured.

The United States has often suffered from this sin of hubris when dealing with less powerful nations. For example, Custer’s 1868 easy slaughter of Chief Black Kettle and his peaceful Cheyenne tribe at the Washita Battlefield in western Oklahoma infected Custer with the misconception indigenous people could not defend against the U.S. Cavalry. Ten years after Washita, Custer attacked another peaceful Indian encampment at the Little Bighorn in southeastern Montana. He expected the same result as with Black Kettle’s tribe, but this time was a Monkey Trap for the United States.

America has a penchant for seizing defeat from the jaws of victory in confrontations with countries which can do us no harm, but are ones we choose to destroy or revamp in our own image for them: North Korea, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Iraq (twice), Afghanistan, Palestine (Gaza and the West Bank), Syria, Yemen, Lebanon, Panama, Venezuela and Iran. There have been others, but these few debacles should illustrate the point.

Now, President Trump is threatening to invade Greenland and yesterday the President stated he could and might simply take Cuba, or as he said, “Do whatever I want with it”. Writing these proposed conquests down or publicly stating we will conquer another country because we do not like their attitude or their regime has become the new American dream. America, long seen as a beacon of freedom to the world, has changed perception of us to that of a Nazi Germany, or a Stalinist Soviet Union, or a Zionist Israel.

We cannot resist dipping our paws into the Monkey Trap of unjust, unnecessary, deadly, expensive, intractable and most importantly, immoral, conflicts. Why? According to what President Trump said about our invasions of Iran, they are “just for fun”. The temptation is to analyze Trump’s policy statements as products of our video game culture. However, we have been engaging in these misadventures since the 17th century, even before we were the United States. No, we should not attempt to assuage our collective conscience by laying the blame, shame and self-defeating national behavior on technology. The cause is not advancing science but declining character. We elected President Trump. He speaks for us. His morality is our morality. When he equates the destruction of other countries to a game and we hardly take notice, as a people we have lost our way.

America made a valid claim to having stopped Germany from its WWII genocide, but now we support Israel’s genocide in Palestine and Lebanon. The slaughter and displacement of innocent human beings is wrong whether in Germany or the Middle East. And, as we are rotting from the inside to defend Israel’s immorality, what about what such lack of character is doing to us?

Our traditional friends and allies no longer look to America for enlightenment. They are increasingly lumping us into the cauldron of hegemony and hate. If President Trump can publicly state from the White House that our Monkey Trap behaviors are excursions or “just for fun”, while there is no hue and cry about how our national soul is rapidly being lost, we need not blame Trump; a mirror will suffice.

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November Re-Visited

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As first light appeared on the snow covered ground the morning of November 27, 1868, Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle emerged from his tepee as a woman came running across a stream of the Washita River screaming, “Soldiers, soldiers!” Black Kettle must have thought he was re-living the morning of November 29, 1864 on the banks of Sand Creek, Colorado Territory. That is when and where Colonel John Chivington and seven hundred troops of the U.S. Cavalry massacred a large number of Black Kettle’s tribe.

Black Kettle had settled his tribe at Sand Creek at the suggestion of U.S. Cavalry Major Scott Anthony based on the Ft. Wise Treaty of 1861 signed three years earlier. Major Anthony gave Black Kettle a white flag of truce to display to any soldiers who might come upon Black Kettle’s tribe and mistake its members as hostiles. Chivington ignored it. Only three years after the Sand Creek betrayal, Black Kettle and the United States at the Council of Medicine Lodge, Kansas reached another peace treaty ensuring safety and hunting rights for the Cheyenne along the Washita River Valley in Indian Territory (Oklahoma).

During the Sand Creek incident Black Kettle’s wife was shot several times but survived. His wife and he were not so fortunate at The Washita. Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer and members of the U.S. Cavalry were acting on orders from General Philip H. Sheridan to: “Kill or hang every warrior. Bring back all women and children.” Both Black Kettle and his wife, Medicine Woman, were shot dead while trying to flee.

Oklahoma history professor Arrell Morgan Gibson (1921-1987) in his widely used textbook, The History of Oklahoma, first published in 1972, at page 94 describes The Washita incident:

“During 1868 the tribes of western Indian Territory had been slow in settling on their reservations assigned by the Medicine Lodge treaties. Some warrior bands had raided settlements on the border. To punish these Indians, the Seventh Cavalry, led by George Armstrong Custer, rode out of Fort Supply (in what is now western Oklahoma) in late November 1868. At daybreak on November 27, Custer and his troops reached the Washita River and made a surprise attack at Black Kettle’s Cheyenne camp. The Seventh Cavalry killed more than one hundred warriors and took fifty women and children as prisoners. The soldiers burned the village and captured a large herd of horses. Chief Black Kettle was among the dead. The Battle of the Washita was more of a massacre than a battle.”

There are other descriptions of The Washita incident. One of the versions most sympathetic to the Indians is contained within Oklahoma historian Charles J. Brill’s (1888-1956) account, Custer, Black Kettle and the Fight on the Washita, that was first published in 1938. Brill reported that Custer’s plan was to use his five-to-one advantage over the Cheyenne and surround the sleeping Indians:

“Custer was not long determining his plan of attack. This time (unlike Sand Creek) there would be no opportunity for his intended victims to escape by flight. Before morning he could surround the village. At a given signal the encircling battle line would converge on the unsuspecting Indians, who then would be completely at his mercy. It would be a wipe-out.”

See p. 148

And there are those who observed The Washita incident in more generic terms. In his The Battle of the Washita historian and professor Stan Hoig (1924-2009) says of Sand Creek and The Washita:

“That both events were massacres-which utilized the element of complete surprise against a people who did not consider themselves to be at war in which troops who had orders to kill anyone and everyone before them made no attempt to allow surrender-is hardly deniable by any accepted use of the word ‘massacre’.”

See p. xiii.

Professor Hoig told the story of The Washita as a clash between cultures:

“At stake were the will and conscience of the United States in resolving the great dilemma of the American Indian. It was an issue in which no middle ground was begged, and one for which history offered no definitive answer concerning the rightness or wrongness of one society and people overcoming and displacing another. At hand was not only the question of human morality but also the march of empire and the inevitable contest between barbarism and civilization.”

See p. 184

Oklahoma in November can range from the temperate to the freezing such as occurred on November 16, 2021 (76℉) and November 19, 2021 (31℉). That there was a foot of ice and snow surrounding Black Kettle’s village on November 27, 1868 is not without precedent and that much more died that day than principle and morality is neither.

A special thank you is due to Cheryl Salerno, Librarian of the Oklahoma Wesleyan University Library
 in Bartlesville, Oklahoma for her courtesy and assistance.

Reflections

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Memorials take many forms and have many purposes. Some are large in scope covering acres of land containing statues and museums, such as Gettysburg Battlefield, or are smaller in area but allow visitors to absorb history and meaning through sober reflection, such as the Washita Battlefield National Historic Site where Custer ambushed and killed Chief Black Kettle, his wife and most of his tribe of peaceful Native Americans.

What should be the design of a Posey County’s memorial to the people and events of October 1878? Of course, that is a community decision best made by representatives of various interests. However, I respectfully suggest the purposes of a memorial should be the same regardless of the physical structure:

To honor the victims;

To recognize the events;

To learn from the past;

And to inspire a desire to make a better future.

When one visits Gettysburg the opportunity to simply walk The Wheatfield as did the Confederates, or crouch behind short stone walls awaiting the charge as did the Yankees is to be transported into the soul of the battle of July 1863.

At Washita, to silently walk the dirt paths the fleeing Indian families took on foot as Custer and his soldiers pursued them on horseback is to experience the horror of November 1868. No museum is necessary.

Whereas the design of a memorial to the events of October 1878 in Posey County should be the result of careful planning with input from numerous persons, the location should be pre-determined. It should be where the murders took place, which was on the campus of our beautiful and historic courthouse.

I respectfully suggest a small area on the southeast corner of the courthouse campus be set aside and that there be medium size stones or marble steles with the names of the victims along with small marble benches where people could sit and absorb the events of 1878 while reflecting on their meaning. Of course, there could be a brief explanation of the events on a historical marker that would match the overall design. However, the design is not as important as the statement we as a community should make by finally publicly recognizing the events.